El importante papel que el perdón juega en el ámbito de la justicia transicional hace necesario verificar cómo se justifica en el imaginario de nuestra sociedad contemporánea. Puesto que parece tratarse de una realidad que pertenece más bien al campo de lo religioso, resulta más relevante aún considerar la discusión sobre su posible fundamento moral. Para ello, hay que partir de la distinción entre perdón incondicional y perdón condicionado, y plantear la posibilidad e incluso la obligatoriedad de cada uno. Pues (...) bien, la contradicción inherente a la defensa del carácter obligatorio del perdón concluye en la naturaleza supererogatoria del mismo. Este carácter supererogatorio muestra todo perdón como inmerecido. Así, el principal problema que queda sin resolver es la ausencia de puntos de partida para una argumentación sobre el perdón. De ahí, las dificultades de nuestras comunidades políticas contemporáneas para gestionar las situaciones de justicia transicional. (shrink)

En el contexto del proceso de justicia transicional de Sudáfrica, este trabajo considera el carácter no jurídico de las comisiones de verdad y reconciliación, para mostrar su índole política y comprobar su encaje en la excepcionalidad del momento histórico experimentado por una comunidad política en una situación de transición a la democracia. Esta excepcionalidad constituyente y fundacional tiene importantes consecuencias para la Teoría Política: el objetivo último de este trabajo es precisamente la comprensión profunda de tales consecuencias. Para ello se (...) lleva a cabo en primer lugar una reflexión en perspectiva filosófica-jurídica sobre las mencionadas comisiones que conduce a otra propia de la Filosofía Política. (shrink)

Contributed research papers on various aspects of Hindu philosophy, Sanskrit grammar and poetics.

The recent investigations into knowledge and its elements viz facts, skills and objects have become prominent in various subfields of philosophy and other areas like linguistics, cognitive science, neuroscience and artificial intelligence. These investigations have been mainly on understanding the relation between the intentionality and its referential entities to know how they enrich knowledge with their existence. This article starts with an exploration of the fundamental aspects of judgemental sense from the knowledge origins perspective. To explain the consequences of this, (...) I start with reconstructing the notion of categorial intuitions described in Husserl’s sixth Logical Investigations by relating it to ‘knowledge origination’ as an intuitive fulfilment of signifying acts. This offers a relation of perceptual synthesis, operating implicitly among the signifying intentions upon grasping intended objects, in view of language structures such as copulas. This leads to the synthesis of intuitive aspects mainly from the categorial elements for a judgemental sense or thinking and the attitude from the very sphere of perception. The tension between categorial intuitions is understood as foundational acts and founded acts. Husserl’s sixth Logical Investigation describes the notion of passive synthesis, the genesis of categoriality in every realm of sensibility that allows one to formulate the relational role among the ‘act of knowing’ and phenomenological approaches to the judgemental sense. Thus, the investigation focuses on perceptual judgements and categories, which fulfils the judgemental sense of categorial elements and attitude. (shrink)

This translation of Randhir Singh's text of the Prem Sumarag presents an extended Sanatan account of Sikh ceremonies, Sikh ideals, and the Sikh way of life, thus providing a fresh insight into the history of Khalsa Rahit.

This essay delves into the essentialities of object-giving sources within the formulation of epistemic objectivity. It explores the relationship between objectivity and intentional states, particularly in the context of immediate and transcendent experiences. A key focus of this paradigm is the examination of inferences and how they are held in X’s intentional processes. These claims about inferences contribute to the perception of objectivity by highlighting the epistemological transitions of things that occur in the constitutive ideation. Additionally, the activity within X’s (...) episteme leads to significant articulations that reflect a structural realism of experiences. The essay also introduces a convention of the experiential-intentional process so that the causality manipulations could be avoided by the precents of sources of ideation. In this instance, the central niche is occupied by transcendental reflections of intentionality, which are fundamentally founded on experiences and objectivity, and they possess a distinct rhetorical quality. They manifest as acts, propositional forms, and constituents, all of which contribute to the understanding and justification of objectivity. To establish such a framework that upholds objectivity, certain prerequisites must be met. Firstly, the framework must possess justificational resources that prevent causality manipulations. Secondly, pre-reflective sources should not inter-define causality in epistemic circumstances, although this does not exclude the emergence of causal relations, and thus this approach offers a correlational explanation. Lastly, transcendental reflections should remain compatible with the experiential-intentional process, allowing for the accommodation of subjectivity in the justification of objectivity. (shrink)

Della tesi caretsiana sul continuo pensare in atto viene esaminata l’argomentazione prodotta dal suo autore per sostenerla. Dapprima viene ripreso il ragio¬namento sulla continuità del pensare e del suo essere sempre in atto, e poi si ragiona sulle proposizioni portatrici di quella tesi. Si vedrà che l’enunciato sulla continuità del pensare va incontro a considerevoli difficoltà sia quando afferma che per effetto dell’emendatio ossia la fase in cui la mens si è liberata dalle opinioni dubbie o inganne¬voli le sostituisce con (...) altre migliori, sia per ef¬fetto della temporalità degli atti della mente. L’indagine riguarda dunque quelle formulazioni lessiacali in cui il filosofo ha scritto che la mente semper actu cogitat, e in cui ha impiegato le forme verbali cogito e sum cogitans. (shrink)

§ 1. The main idea expressed in Tiziana Andina’s Ontologia sociale. Transgenerazionalità, potere, giustizia is that some social actions are identified and structured by the fundamental property of transgenerationality, i.e. the ability to significantly affect the interests not only of the present generation, but also of future ones (p. 85, Eng. tr. pp. 77-78). From an ontological point of view – which the author addresses in the first two chapters of the four that make up the book – transgene...

This article looks at Husserlian ideas as an analytical tool to explain the cognitive aspects of experiences that range between knowledge acts in inferences and Mulligan’s contemporary perspective of meaning formation, through reflections of relations. The essay also takes into consideration the views of Levinas and Hintikka, for whom experiences form the foundations of intuitive capacity. These perspectives are essential concerning epistemic evidence to self (I/me-ness): mental objects and spatiotemporal relations are the structural notions of episteme on their own; their (...) dynamics were tightly coordinated at an intentional process to strengthen episteme; this coordination appeared to be a state change caused in epistemic evidence. (shrink)

Dans les pages qui suivent nous examinons comment Descartes discute la thèse d'une pensée permanente, continue et actuelle représentée par les expressions cogito et sum cogitans. Notre enquête concernera seulement l'argumentation mise en oeuvre pour démontrer cette continuité et cette actualité. En reprenant, dans un premier temps, le raisonnement qui conduit à ces expressions, puis en raisonnant sur chacune d'elles, il nous semble que la continuité de la pensée subit une interruption: aussi bien au moment où l'esprit - libéré des (...) opinions douteuses ou trompeuses, ou encore les ayant laissées de côté - accède aux idées vraies que sous l'effet de la succession des idées. Dans les deux cas, nous avons trouvé une espèce de césure qui aurait dû empêcher le philosophe d'écrire « cogito » ou « sum cogitans », c'est-à-dire une forme verbale indiquant une action actuelle et continue. (shrink)

What is the relation between non-domination and rights in the sense of claim-rights? This article argues that this relation is a tight one: rights turn out to be a necessary constituent of non-domination, or they are necessary, in a non-causal sense, for non-domination to come into existence and have its distinctive normative character. In particular, rights are necessary to constitute the following features of non-domination: the authority that non-domination signifies and the respect it demands; the kind of accountability that the (...) non-arbitrariness condition of non-domination demands; and the robustness of non-domination. The article then suggests that rights, even if necessary for non-domination, are not also sufficient. It concludes by illustrating how the protection of rights often supports, rather than contradicts, other republican aims. (shrink)

V příspěvku připomínáme originální spolupráci s prof. P. Maternou, která začala v 60. letech minulého století a vedla ke vzniku třísložkové teorie jazyka, jejímiž autory jsou spolu s Pavlem Maternou Karel Pala a Aleš Svoboda. Články o třísložkové teorii byly publikovány v r. 1976 a 1979, ovšem jméno P. Materny se v titulcích článků ne­smělo objevit, byl tak komunistickým režimem trestán za vyloučení z KSČ v r. 1969. Třísložková teorie jazyka, jak název naznačuje, pokrývá tři základní komponenty sys­tému jazyka, tedy (...) syntax, sémantiku a pragmatiku, a je plně srovnatelná s podobnými pokusy u nás i v zahraničí. Stala se východiskem pro další propojení logiky, lingvistiky a informatiky díky působení K. Paly a P. Materny na Fakultě informatiky od roku 1995. Do této spolupráce se zapojili studenti Fakulty informatiky, zejména Aleš Horák, jehož zásadním příspěvkem je počítačová implementace systému transparentní intenzionální logiky (TILu) ve vztahu ke zpracování přirozeného jazyka (češtiny). (shrink)

È consuetudine identificare il metodo cartesiano con il metodo analitico. Questo metodo - come avvenuto nel Discours - è stato rappresentato dalla sola divisione. Ma la resolutio della divisione non è adatta a tutte le difficoltà proposte dalla ricerca. Quando la circostanza si verifica, Descartes ricorre ad un altro "strumento": la sottrazione. Esempio: con le nature semplici ha un rapporto appropriato, non anche, però, con le loro qualità sensibili. Questo è uno dei casi in cui interviene la sottrazione.

In the last decades, the environmental conditions of our planet have dramatically worsened. Consider that, for instance, due to the enormous increase of human made CO2 emissions (by about 90% since 1970), the planet’s average surface temperature has risen about 1.5 degrees Celsius since the 19th century, with most of this warming occurring in the last 35 years. As many scientists have noticed, this has hastened the melting of the glaciers and therefore brought about a rise in the sea level; (...) e... (shrink)

Bibliometric analysis method, which quantitatively examines and evaluates previously conducted academic and scientific literature in any field, has begun to be used quite frequently in various branches of science in recent years. In particular, the rapid increase in technological developments makes it easier to access information; at the same time, it causes a loss in information density. Bibliometric analysis, on the other hand, allows the researcher to access the desired sources more easily. This study aims to evaluate the studies conducted (...) in Turkish academia on Ancient Egyptian Religion within the framework of bibliometric analysis. In line with this goal, doctoral and master's theses in the National Thesis Center of the Council of Higher Education were examined. In addition, DergiPark, which operates under the roof of TUBITAK Ulakbim and includes academic refereed journals published in Turkey, is another database examined. The aim of this study is to systematically examine scientific research conducted on Ancient Egyptian religion and to determine trends, key issues and academic contributions in this field. Bibliometric analysis, which is used as a literature review tool, allows the evaluation of studies conducted in the field from various aspects. In this context, the number of articles and theses on Ancient Egyptian Religion, their authors, the journals they were published in, the dates they were published, the number of studies by year, the number of citations, the languages used in the citations, the scientific title under which the studies were conducted, the keywords generally used in the studies and other important metrics were examined. In addition, the contributions of theses and published articles on Ancient Egyptian Religion were evaluated based on the data obtained, considering the aspects of the topic they addressed. (shrink)

On the philosophy of word, with special reference to Sikhim.

Watermarking is one of the most common techniques used to protect data’s authenticity, integrity, and security. The obfuscation in the frequency domain used in the watermarking method makes the watermarking stronger than the obfuscation in the spatial domain. It occupies an important place in watermarking works in imperceptibility, capacity, and robustness. Finding the optimal location to hide the watermarking is one of the most challenging tasks in these methods and affects the method’s performance. In this article, sample identification information is (...) processed with the method of watermaking on the hiding environment created by using a chaos-based random number generator on biomedical data to provide solutions to problems such as visual attack, identity theft, and information confusion. In order to obtain biomedical data, a lensless digital in-line holographic microscopy setup was designed, and holographic data of human blood and cancer cell lines, which are widely used in the laboratory environment, were obtained. The standard USAF 1951 target was used to evaluate the resolution of our imaging setup. Various QR codes were generated for medical sample identification, and the captured medical data were processed by watermarking it with chaos-based random number generators. A new method using chaos-based discrete wavelet transform and singular value decomposition has been developed and applied to high-resolution data to eliminate the problem of encrypted data being directly targeted by third-party attacks. The performance of the proposed new watermarking method has been demonstrated by various robustness and invisibility tests. Experimental results showed that the proposed scheme reached an average PSNR value of 564588 dB and SSIM value of 0.9972 against several geometric and destructive attacks, which means that the proposed method does not affect the image quality and also ensures the security of the watermarking information. The results of the proposed method have shown that it can be used efficiently in various fields. (shrink)

Given the ubiquitous nature of love, numerous theories have been proposed to explain its existence. One such theory refers to love as a commitment device, suggesting that romantic love evolved to foster commitment between partners and enhance their reproductive success. In the present study, we investigated this hypothesis using a large-scale sample of 86,310 individual responses collected across 90 countries. If romantic love is universally perceived as a force that fosters commitment between long-term partners, we expected that individuals likely to (...) suffer greater losses from the termination of their relationships—including people of lower socioeconomic status, those with many children, and women—would place a higher value on romantic love compared to people with higher status, those with fewer children, and men. These predictions were supported. Additionally, we observed that individuals from countries with a higher (vs. lower) Human Development Index placed a greater level of importance on romantic love, suggesting that modernization might influence how romantic love is evaluated. On average, participants worldwide were unwilling to commit to a long-term romantic relationship without love, highlighting romantic love’s universal importance. (shrink)

On Sikh doctrines inunciated by Guru Nanak.